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WORLDWIDE Vol.8 (No. 4) November 2006
DD in Post-Communism It might be presumed that, owing to the interruption of democratic development by the period of communist dictatorships, the European post-communist regimes are farther away off the establishment of (semi-)directly democratic systems than their West European counterparts. As a matter of fact, the opposite might be the truth. During the communist era, most people living behind the Iron Curtain dreamt of the good life in the "Free World", of Western democracy bringing its citizens not only freedom but also high living standards. After the initial euphoria of 1989-90 came a rapidly progressing disenchantment. The living standards of many people improved, but some, especially the middle-aged and the elderly subsisting on salaries or pensions, remained poor, sometimes poorer than before. The winners were especially members of the former nomenclature many of whom simply changed colour and assumed high positions in the new establishment. Some of them had had access to the resources accumulated by robbing their nations; they turned into successful capitalists. Often, their dishonestly gained riches were "tunnelled" to secret accounts in Switzerland, the Bahamas or elsewhere. Such practices were facilitated by corrupt "democratic" politicians. The former Prime Minister and now President of Czech Republic, V.Klaus, is famous for having said "There is no dirty money, there is only money". Thanks to the internet and much freer media, many citizens living in post-communist countries are getting increasingly enraged. This is not the freedom and democracy they dreamt of since the end of WWII! Some of them are becoming new dissidents, more radical and resourceful than people who had lived for generations in the seemingly democratic West. Russia Voices have been raised demanding a return to the origins of the Soviet system. Originally, the Soviets were deliberative citizen organs. Only later were they transformed into instruments of communist dictatorship. (NL November 2005) In June 2004, President Putin signed a Referendum Law for the Russian Federation (NL September 2004) However, it seems that the cradle of Russian DD might be Siberia. This is easy to understand: Both the tzarist and the communist regimes kept deporting to that region intellectual dissidents who often formed families and stayed there permanently. The Siberian cultural level is therefore probably higher than we realize. Demands for DD procedures to treat environmental problems in Siberia have been reported by Mr.Miroslav Kolar (NL March 2004). Prof. Peter C.Dienel has reported growing interests for his Planning Cells model on the part of some Siberian local authorities. (NL March 2006) Poland There is a mass movement, the JOW, demanding a change of the system from proportional to majority representation. (NL March 2006) The JOW activists do not call themselves a DD Movement but in fact they are just that. In parliamentary systems, the basis of representation is the Party. In DD systems, it cannot be anything but the Election District the citizens of which can choose their representative, whether proposed by a party or not. This type of representation is also a precondition for the right of recall. Hungary During the recent weeks, the media have reported mass demonstrations taking place in Budapest, provoked by the disclosure of lies told by the Government. We have not been informed about Hungarian activists demanding DD, but, sooner or later, even they must draw the conclusion that it's not enough to change government, that the only remedy is a change of the system itself. Sporadic and unorganized DD voices have occasionally been heard from Serbia, Romania, and Slovakia. Nevertheless, except the JOW people in Poland, the most prominent DD activists are at present certain groups of Czechs. Czech Republic In the mid-nineties, the HzPD (Movement for Direct Democracy) was founded in Brno. In 1998, it organized the first ever International Conference on DD. Apart from that, its most important achievement so far is the compilation and publication of the draft of a Citizens´ Constitution. Its spokesperson and chairman is PhD Milan Valach, a leftist, adherent of the primordial form of Marxism. On the opposite end of the spectrum, there is Mr.Peter Cibulka and his Political Party called Right Wing Bloc and promoting "Direct Democracy, direct election of the President, and the possibility of Recall of Politicians". In the 2002 election, they obtained 1.5 % of the votes. Four years later, less than 0.5 %. Mr.Cibulka spent several years in communist prisons and he is quite known to the public. Regrettably, he lacks higher education and political knowledge. I tried to establish cooperation with him. In the discussion, I pointed out that the I&R process should be combined with citizen deliberation. Evidently, he had never heard that word. He immediately drew the conclusion that it must be some sort of communist conspiracy. Not waiting for an explanation, he left without greeting. Fortunately, a third, neutral, DD force is emerging - the organization called simply Democracy, and founded by Mr.Peter Czasch. (More about that below under Czech Republic.) Recently, a potentially very important organization has come to the fore in Ukraine. It deserves a special presentation (see the report on the front page). UKRAINE: DD and Ecology (Quotation from the report sent by Ms Ivanova to the Citizen Power Magazine, USA) ".... the first problem the direct democracy movement faces in Ukraine is the vital need for education to provide background for further spreading of direct democracy ideals. An additional problem has to do with the priorities of both government and social science circles. While the stated main government priorities in Ukraine are European integration, economic development, democratic evolution and civic society building, in fact the Ukrainian government is only focused on development. Other concerns as direct democracy, sustainable development, structural functionalism, liberalism and other fine and glorified theories are left to the social-science establishment. That establishment in turn is so conservative that it dismisses direct democracy as unworthy of their efforts, and so uncreative that it tends to simply copy and blindly adopt approaches from Western countries. ...... The only two organizations at all concerned with Direct Democracy in Ukraine are The Academy of Direct Democracy ( http://www.freewebs.com/academydd/ ) and The Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe ( http://www.idee.org/idee.html ) ...... Other than the name of the head of this latter organization and a couple of joint activities, the work done by this organization stays quite vague. Such a pessimistic picture should not be accepted as the final and inconvertible state of things and we strongly believe that changes will come soon and fast. We see the Academy of Direct Democracy in Ukraine as a vehicle for Ukraine to make a major contribution to the world direct democracy cause. Founded this spring, the Academy of Direct Democracy has managed to consolidate Ukrainian society over the emerging problem of the youth participation in self-governance, third sector activities and state decision-making, by advocating an all-Ukrainian youth parliament. The idea has been supported by a number of periodicals, NGOs and individuals. The traditions and experience of the Orange Revolution cannot be omitted The Orange Revolution occurred only two years ago (the end of 2004). The author herself witnessed the tremendous number and commitment of the Orange Revolution participants. Many of the spectators and participants found some comparison between the open street politics of the Orange Revolution with the Greek polis tradition. People's protest could be considered a manifestation of direct democracy. ..... The author would like to bring the reader back a couple of centuries to show the way Ukrainian Cossacks used to make their decisions. All the participants - Cossacks - were gathered on the main square. The chairman - usually the Hetman himself, sometimes his assistants - announced the problem on which a decision should be made. Then he asked who is ´for´ - the men .... threw their hats up and shouted loudly. Then he asked who is ´against´ - and others made their will clear. ....... So the honoured reader can see that direct democracy has deep and honourable roots in Ukrainian mentality and historical and cultural traditions. .............." INTERNATIONAL Senator Gravel´s Presidential Campaign 25 August, information from Mr.Elliot Jacobson (quotations) "Democratic Presidential candidate and former United States Senator Mike Gravel called on Democrats and Republicans alike in Congress to bring to a swift and immediate end the American presence in Iraq. The Senator said, ´When the President lied to the American people as to why he was invading Iraq, he not only broke his trust with the American people but took the nation into a conflict in which the ship of state became directionless and the policy, mission and the war was lost in a fog of confusion and ignorance.´ .... The Senator continued, ´I publicly opposed this war in early 2002 during its run up while appearing several times on MSNBC stating that the Iraqi regime had no weapons of mass destruction, was not a threat to the United States and that the war would be a critical mistake severely compromising the national interest.´ ....... 27 August, info from Mr.Elliot Jacobson: "Washington, August 24, 2006 - Democratic Presidential candidate, former United States Senator Mike Gravel showed surprising strength in the most recent Zogby poll that rated candidate support based on their biographies in lieu of their names. .... the Senator was still able come out well ahead of the Ranking Democrat on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Joe Biden, Iowa Governor Tom Vilsak while drawing even with the 2004 Democratic Nominee for President, Senator John Kerry. Senator Gravel was slightly behind Hillary Clinton in the poll. ... " 7 September, info: Senator Mike Gravel Schedule for
September (abbreviated) The program included several interviews and media appearances. 3 October, info from Mr.Elliot Jacobson: "Former United States Senator and Presidential candidate Mike Gravel congratulated Daniel Ellsberg on the announcement that he is a recipient of the 2006 Right Livelihood Award. Established in 1980, the Right Livelihood Award has come to be known as the "Alternative Nobel Prize" and are presented annually in the Swedish Parliament. Senator Gravel said, ´The American people and, indeed, the international community are in Daniel Ellsberg´s debt for his principled and courageous actions in blowing the whistle on the galactic lies and deceptions that characterized the American government´s public pronouncements on the Vietnam War.´........... Senator Gravel arranged to receive the Pentagon Papers from Ben Bagdikian, an editor of the Washington Post who had been leaking part of the Papers from Daniel Ellsberg when the Justice Department moved to block further publication." ................... 23 October, info from Mr.Elliot Jacobson: MEDIA ADVISORY 30 October, info from Mr.Elliot Jacobson:
Sen.Mike Gravel´s Press Schedule 26.10.-5.11. 26 October, Manchester, NH - Democratic Presidential candidate and former United States Senator Mike Gravel announced today that he will make a major foreign policy address at the New Hampshire Institute of Politics of St.Anselm College on Wednesday, November 1st at 7:00 PM. The Senator said, "In the last 40 odd years, national administration of both American political parties have led the United States into two ill advised adventures; the first in Vietnam and the second in Iraq at a terrible cost in American, Vietnamese and Iraqi lives as well as in American treasure and prestige throughout the world. While one can argue indefinitely how similar or dissimilar the reasons were for the launching of the two wars by our nation, there is no denying that both enterprises shared two common characteristics, the galactic ignorance by our policy makers and foreign policy elites of the cultures, forces, aspirations, interests and needs of the targeted nations and the utter lack of a coherent and accurate view of the world situation." The Senator continued, "On November 1st I will unveil the beginnings of what I believe to be a realistic and pragmatic approach in guiding our nation in meeting the challenges of this dangerous and tumultuous world. My foreign policies will be based on over a half century of scholarship, travel, experience and the humble understanding that it can sometimes take a lifetime to understand a single region, let alone the entire community of nations." Gravel concluded, "We seek to restore trust in America´s leadership, restore bi-partisan support for our approach and use an aggressive and insightful diplomacy which will be infinitely more influential and successful than military coercion in managing the forces of instability." I am sure that in future, the speech (GravelForeignPolicy.doc) will come to be considered as one of the most important speeches ever delivered by a prominent American politician. But - these are not words of a politician; these are words of a statesman. May Americans - and the World - listen! (For some recipients of this newsletter, I am including a printed copy of the speech to this issue.) 12 September, information from Mr.Lee Gottlieb: Mr.Gottlieb has put forward the idea of a DD game as a means to promote the idea of DD, especially among young people. This is well in line with his former idea to transform the WDDM into an educational organization. I belive this is a promising strategy. Recently, a group of enthusiastic young people in Ukraine (the ADD, see above) have contacted the WDDM. They have already established contacts with other student groups in Europe. I belive they might be interested in testing such a game, if developed. Mr.Gottlieb has addressed an expert in the field, Mr.Benjamin Stokes, whose response was very positive. I quote from his letter: "Dear Lee, Your idea for a game is powerful, and open source is the way to go. But so far, open source gaming projects have had a lot of trouble producing quality results. I´m totally into the idea though, and will be discussing it at a panel in DC at the Serious Games Summit. ....... " 22 September, information from Prof.Majid Behrouzi whose two books were presented in previous issues of this newsletter: "I would like to let you know that both books are now being published in paperback, cutting their prices drastically, I believe down to $26 each." Excellent news. Congratulations ! (JP) 8 October, information from Mr.Evan Daniel Ravitz about the candidacy of Mr.Daniel Rosen for Congress: "Republicans - Democrats - Third Parties: We have a better idea! New technology for direct citizen control of our representatives in Washington. Rosen for Congress 2006; NevadaVoteDirect.org 775-588-4211 Quotations from Mr.Rosen´s letter: "Our state of Nevada is set to make history this November, showing the whole nation how to eliminate political corruption and put citizens in control of government. ...... I have pledged that, when elected, I will vote in Congress EXACTLY as directed by the majority of voters in the 2nd congressional district. No lobbyists will even attempt to buy my vote, because my vote will belong to the majority of voters in our district - no ifs, ands or buts." CANADA GEORGE SAGI Mr.Sagi emigrated to Canada from Hungary after the Revolution of 1956. He studied economics, social and political sciences, and obtained a Master of Science degree in electronics engineering and science. He began promoting DD in Canada and participated in the First International Conference on DD, Pribram, Czech Republic, 1998. In 2000, at the Second conference in Athens/Delphi, he became one of the "Founding Fathers" of the WDDM and its first chairman. Later on, owing to health problems and advanced age, he handed over the WDDM agenda to Mr. Miroslav Kolar, who lives in Canada, too. After having retired from political activism, Mr.Sagi focused on writing fiction. He has published 3 novels picturing his vision of future development of mankind. The Dream The USA, the most powerful state in the world, has been crippled by a terrorist attack and suffered an economic collapse. Militaristic forces in various countries go on using violence to achieve their sordid aims. Fortunately, a worldwide movement of True Democratic Pioneers gain access to several types of non-lethal weapons and use them to dispose of the evil-doers. The era of a new, better civilization begins ... The names of the "pioneers" are reminiscent of some of the participants of the first and second conferences. ISBN 0-9697523-2-6 McNally Robinson, Winnipeg, Canada On the Brink The Dream had been published in May 2001, i.e. before the 9/11. After that event, the future of mankind became more uncertain and gloomy. Understandably, Mr.Sagi´s vision became gloomier as well. On the Brink is the narrative of a journey. The author travells all over the world, discovering signs of decay, violence and growing ecological problems. There is no way out, no solution. The threatening situation is only resolved in the third book. ISBN 0-9682925-7-7, National Library of Canada, Legal deposit Number CIP: PS8587.A246606 2005 C813.´6-906545 Only From The Ruins .... A New Global Democracy Published by the Journal of Public Deliberation: http://www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/poli_sci/journal_public_deliberation/fictionns/ruins.htm Clashes between Islamic and Zionist extremists continue, as well as struggles between the Shiites and the Sunnis. The biggest threat seems to be the fanatical regime in Iran. Suddenly, the Iranian nuclear capacity as well as the regime itself are destroyed by a surprise attack, unclear by whom. Follows a 10 years long Arabic war. Three major blocs are formed: The North-South American bloc, the extended EU, and the Eastern bloc comprising China, Russia, and India. After an era of recovery, the world begins to be plagued by epidemics caused by deadly viruses. The situation is alleviated by new types of vaccine. However, the ecological time bomb is ticking. The Chinese understand the danger and start practicing a zero growth policy. But, owing to the dwindling natural resources, they are attacked by the two Western blocs and the world is plunged into a nuclear war. Only few people survive in underground shelters. When it's over, they start building a better civilization on the basis of a Universal Democratic Constitution. (I hope the voice of reason will help us to avoid such scenario and to establish DD by peaceful means! JP) GERMANY Newsletter #18, 20 September 2006, http://www.democracy-international.org (Ed. R.Pabst) Content UK 22 September, information from Prof.Majid Behrouzi: Ms Julia Christina Fauth, a graduate student in London's School of Economics, is doing her Master's thesis on the idea of global e-democracy. "Her intention is to take what I have done to the next level." The thesis is called Assessing the Democratic Qualities of Internet-Technology in a Globalising World: The Outlines of a Global E-Democracy. Ms Fauth stresses the accelerating interdependence as the key factor of contemporary situation. "Consequently, territorially bounded models of liberal representative democracy established in the contest of Western nation states face more than ever a ´crisis of legitimation´. .... It will be argued that a ´democracy beyond borders´ can neither be devised nor be implemented without taking into account the basic characteristics of today's society of expanding networks that bring about new ways of mass communication and political action." The author stresses the importance of the internet as a vehicle of international citizen deliberation. Particularly interesting is the information about Dropping Knowledge: "... a not-for-profit Berlin-based NGO launched an international ´ask yourself´ outreach campaign in September 2005 - an initiative encouraging individuals, communities and organizations around the globe to raise the questions that matter to them and submit and rate them on a knowledge and dialogue platform on the web." Website: http://www.droppingknowledge.org/bin/dk?ph=questions 15 September, information from Mr.Miroslav Kolar: SWEDEN Recently, there has been a national brainwashing championship here, better known as parliamentary election. What was the outcome? Should an extra-terrestrial take a look at this country's TV, he might get the impression that Swedish politics consists of two interconnected vessels or tubes, one red, one blue - and nothing else. Sometimes some of the liquid leaks from the blue vessel to the red one, increasing its volume, sometimes the opposite happens. Should the extra-terrestrial use a magnifying glass, he would discover that the red vessel consists of three components called the Social Democratic Party, the Left-Wing Party, and the Green Party (considered red, even if it is green); the blue vessel consists of four components - the Moderate Party, the Center Party, the People's Party, and the Christian Democratic Party. If the liquid in the red vessel is more voluminous than that in the blue one, the chairman of the Social Democratic Party becomes or remains Prime Minister and nominates a government consisting of prominent social democrats only. This is the normal situation. If the liquid in the blue vessel becomes a little more voluminous than that in the red vessel, it is the chairman of the Moderate Party who becomes Prime Minister and nominates a government consisting mostly of prominent moderates, but also of some of their blue-colored colleagues. That's what happened recently. Even if the extra-terrestrial would use a microscope, he would not discover the grass-root citizen. Such people form a grey, anonymous mass, only allowed to watch the actors - politicians and journalists - making daily appearances on the TV screen. Once every four years, the citizens have the "democratic" right to give their votes to the actors producing the best theatrical performance. On top of all this, there is a puppet monarchy which costs the tax payers some 15 million euro each year. They have to pay whether they want it or not. They have never been asked. How can a country be at the same time a hereditary monarchy and a democracy? The whole system is a farce. There is a tiny DD party called Active Democracy. Before the election, two of its members obtained two minutes in the TV to explain what DD is about. But they had to appear in the company of some thirty political freaks, getting two minutes each, and the program was called "Outsiders". This is typical of the Swedish political culture. Such presentation suggests that, if mentioned at all, the idea of DD is so absurd that it only deserves to be ridiculed and rejected. It's a long way to democracy in Sweden .............. CZECH REPUBLIC Contrary to the sterile and fossilized Swedish political climate, the political underground in Czech Republic is teeming with ideas. One of these is the effort to organize a petition against the Czech government's plans to permit the establishment of an American nuclear weapons base on Czech territory. According to the polls, the vast majority of Czechs oppose these plans. The government, however, takes no notice. On a daily basis, corruption scandals involving politicians are revealed and criticised on the web, sometimes even in the media. On 9 September, a meeting of "True Democrats" was held at the City Library of Prague. There were continued discussions about the draft of a Citizens´ Constitution, but the most important issue that day was a demonstration in practice of the alternative voting system proposed by Mrs.Jarmila Kubatova (see the preceding issue of this newsletter). Later on, the idea was presented for the Electoral Commission at the Ministry of Interior. They answered that some details would have to be improved, but declared to be aware of the fact that, in the long run, some form of electronic voting will have to be included in the voting procedure. Mrs.Kubatova put forward yet another idea, that of advisory voting. Perhaps the most serious problem of the democratic system as such, based on anonymity and equality of votes, is quality: Is it right that the vote of a scholar carries the same weight as the vote of a person lacking any education? The idea of advisory voting (only suitable for referenda) is this: Before certain referenda, obviously based on anonymity of votes, it might be possible to hold a preliminary, advisory voting where the voters would reveal their names and profession/degree of education. If the vast majority of specialists in the problem area concerned would unanimously vote in favor of a certain solution to the problem in question, this would be a guidance for less informed citizens. Mrs.Kubatova´s model combines paper voting with the
internet. At the same time, a purely electronic voting system is being developed
by Mr.Tomas Franke. At the meeting, Tomas spoke briefly about his
idea which should be completed by the end of the year and presented for the
media and the public. He invited the participants to have a look at his site: A new meeting is scheduled for 18 November. One of the issues on that occasion will be efforts to gather a sufficient number of signatures for the registration of the Democracy Association as a political party. 1,000 signatures are needed. So far, we have about 400 .... EUROPE 20 September, information from Mr.Leopoldo
Salgui: 20 September, information from Mr.Vladimir Rott: Netherlands: Campaign for more democracy in Europe. At the
beginning of this month, the Referendum Platform launched a campaign to promote
the introduction of the European Citizens Initiative. More than 1,000 signatures
have already been collected. 24 September: Mr.Mark Antell wrote,
"Have you looked at the site of Victoria Koblenko the
"ambassador" for the European Initiative? http://www.europeesburgerinitiatief.nl/180 THE WORLD 19 September: Mr.Sabzali Khan sent round a document called WHAT AND HOW? What a sustainable strategy may be adopted through which the prevailing religious world-wide terrorism could be curbed forever? Mr.Khan proposes that various categories of intellectuals obtain the right to elect their own parliamentary representatives. They should have the right to send such representatives to the respective national governments and the U.N. How to prevent adventurous leaders from plunging their nations into wars? Mr.Khan suggests that representatives of the citizen categories concerned obtain the right to participate, through their representatives, in pre-war decision-making. Mr.Khan invites those interested in discussions about these
ideas to contact him at WDDM During the latest months, several "new people" were showing interest in the idea of this worldwide organization. The WDDM was founded in 2000, at the 2nd CICDD Congress in Athens/Delphi, organized by Mr.Giorgios Kokkas in an exemplary way. Among the original "Founding Fathers" (but one of them was a lady), it is only he who is still active in this context. He also registered the WDDM in Athens as a NGO. Beside his international activities, he runs a successful national DD organization, one of the most important in Europe. Recently, the discussion has focused on the proposal to organize the DD movement as a political party. Here are some comments: 26 October, Mr.Pras Anand: "I would
like to suggest that if we want a DD party it's crucial that it is global and
e-democratic. I am aware of many people who are interested to help create this.
I am creating project platforms within conferences and other events to test
these concepts out in and amongst the political community. I think this is the
best way to attract people within the existing systems who also want change.
I´m keen to contribute any knowledge or projects to be able to create plarforms
for a global direct democracy party. Please contact me if you would like to
create something together." 29 October, Mr.Bruce Eggum: "We need to strongly advocate Direct Democracy. What ever group we are in we can advocate. Political Parties are not that different than other groups ... As we advocate for DD, more and more will grasp the idea and hopefully subscribe to it. A DD Party would then be one who has DD as a major statement in their ideologies. Of course, continued advocacy is necessary as people and ideas change. The world is in constant argument, so advocacy is essential." ........ Mr.Miroslav Kolar: "I am personally afraid that any party, however good are its initial intentions and its internal structure, if it would try to become successful in the current political system, it would be under enormous pressure to use the same methods as other parties, and it would have very hard time to avoid corruption and dilution of DD principles." 29 October, Mr.Bernard Clayson: "Parties. If the ambition is to become a DD Party, the requirements of being a party should be clearly understood. I do not know about other countries, but in the UK the requirements are laid down by various bodies, not the least of which is the Electoral Commission. To comply with those requirements means you will be squeezed through a very narrow orifice, the result of which will mean it will be the same as all the others i.e. level playing field. Then you have to consider public perception, parties are viewed with a great deal of justified suspicion i.e. you will be painted with the same brush ......... 29 October, Mr.Aki Orr: "DD definitely needs an ORGANIZED MOVEMENT of activists to promote its case but it must not form a Political Party. A Movement for DD (MDD) is a network of cells of ACTIVISTS who spread the ideas and practices of DD in neighborhoods, places of work, sites of education. Membership in a cell must depend on ACTIVITY, not merely on agreement with DD principles. ............... SIMPOL The idea is gaining ground round the world. Here is an example: 8 October, a letter sent to the Simpol discussion channel by Mr.Gareth: "Dear all, Colin Mason is a former Senator in the Australian Federal Parliament, former deputy leader of the Australian Democrats, former foreign correspondent, broadcaster, and SEATO adviser to the Thai Government. I recently read his book "A Short History of the Future", which basically cries out the need for SP or similar (he calls it "One World"). Needless to say he was glad to hear of it! His website is http://www.2030spike.com ELECTRONIC VOTING 26 September, information sent by Mr.Petr Sindelar ,
Hewlett Packard, Prague, to Eng.Josef Hromádko: E-Voting
solutions of the HP Company: Democracia electrónica y participación ciudadana,
Informesociológico y jurídico sobre la Consulta Ciudana MadridParticipa. 2004
Jordi Barrat i Esteve, Josep Maria Reniu i Vilamala E-Voting website of the Canton of Geneva http://www.geneve.ch/evoting/english/ (Note: I apologize for some errors of print that sometimes sneak into the texts of this newsletter. They are due to my limited resources.) MERRY CHRISTMAS AND MANY NEW ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE DD YEAR |
